Identification and quantification of oligomeric proanthocyanidins, alkaloids, and flavonoids in lotus seeds: A potentially rich source of bioactive compounds

Untargeted metabolomics was performed to study the profiles of 101 chemicals in lotus seeds using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Among them, 16 dimeric, 18 trimeric, and 4 tetrameric proanthocyanidins were theoretically identified based on the degree of polymerization, and the number of linkages and the presence of two dihydroflavonols and three glycosylated alkaloids were determined for the first time. The proanthocyanidin, flavonoid, amino acid, and total compound contents were quantified, revealing decreases in their levels during maturation as well as a polymerization process formation of polymers from monomers during seed maturation. Interestingly, glycosylated alkaloids were only detected in seed cotyledons being highest at green–brown stage, whereas proanthocyanidins were present at a concentration of 8,226.19 ± 249.96 μg/g (dry weight) in green–brown stage of seed coats. Our findings may provide insights into the utilization of lotus seeds as a functional food.