Effect of different growth factors on human osteoblasts activities: A possible application in bone regeneration for tissue engineering

Cultured human primary osteoblasts reproduce the phenotypic differentiation and maturation of cells in vivo. We have investigated the influence of three isoforms of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3), three fibroblast growth factors (FGF-2, FGF-4 and FGF-6) and the active metabolite of Vitamin D [1,25-(OH)₂D3] on proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization of human osteoblasts during a period of 24 days of culture. TGF-β isoforms and three FGFs examined have been proved to be inducers of osteoblasts proliferation (higher extent for TGF-β and FGF-2) and inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase activity and osteoblasts mineralization. Combination of these growth factors with the active form of Vitamin D induced osteodifferentiation. In fact Vitamin D showed an additive effect on alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content, induced by FGF-2 and TGF-β in human osteoblast. These results highlight the potential of proliferating cytokines’ combination with mineralizing agents for in vitro bone growth induction in bone tissue engineering.