Inflammation in adult and neonatal stroke

This chapter will discuss the current knowledge of the contribution of systemic and local inflammation in acute and sub-chronic stages of experimental stroke in both the adult and neonate. It will review the role of specific cell types and interactions among blood cells, endothelium, glia, microglia, the extracellular matrix, and neurons – cumulatively called “neurovascular unit” – in stroke induction and evolution. Intracellular inflammatory signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa beta and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and mediators produced by inflammatory cells such as cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, and arachidonic acid metabolites, as well as the modifying role of age on these mechanisms, will be reviewed in relation to the potential for therapy in stroke and hypoxic–ischemic injury.