Regulation of Androgen Receptor by E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: for More or Less.

Prostate cancer (PCa) primarily depends on the dysregulations of androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway for the initiation and growth as well as recurrence after chemotherapy ^[1]. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) effectively alleviates symptoms of the malignancy to arrest further growth of primary tumors or progression of metastasis in patients with advanced PCa. However, relapse occurs in many patients after a short period, and PCa cells eventually become insensitive to ADT - termed castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) ^{[2, 3]}. Tremendous advancements have been achieved to decipher the mechanisms on AR signaling, and the ubiquitination machinery contributes to PCa directly or indirectly by either promotion of AR transcriptional activity or degradation of AR protein levels. The recent report reveals that SKP2 regulates AR protein through ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation, highlighting the role of SKP2 in AR signaling. Given the pivotal roles of AKT and SKP2 in cancers, the differential mechanisms of AR ubiquitination by various E3 ligases hold valuable significance and beneficial implications for PCa control.