医院病房室内空气细菌负荷高:以埃塞俄比亚西北部贡达尔大学教学医院为例

IF 2.3 Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine Pub Date : 2016-07-05 eCollection Date: 2016-01-01 DOI:10.1186/s40248-016-0061-4
Zemichael Gizaw, Mulat Gebrehiwot, Chalachew Yenew
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引用次数: 54

摘要

背景:人们吸入的空气中充满了微生物,这些微生物也被称为生物气溶胶。生物气溶胶是由空气中固体物质的液滴和颗粒形成的胶体悬浮液,其成分含有或附着在其上的病毒、真菌孢子和分生孢子、细菌内生孢子、植物花粉和植物组织碎片。它们占室内空气污染的5- 34%。方法:采用横断面法对刚达尔大学附属医院室内空气进行细菌浓度测定和细菌种类鉴定。随机抽取14个病房的空气样本。细菌测量采用被动空气采样技术,即沉降板法。每个病房5个培养皿分别于上午和下午暴露30和60分钟。在营养琼脂和血琼脂培养基上采集细菌。进行了定量和定性分析。定量分析主要是测定室内空气中的细菌负荷或细菌数量。细菌负荷被列为菌落形成单位。进行了定性分析,以确定特定的细菌种类。在本研究中,我们选择了具有高度公共卫生关注的金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌。用甘露醇试验分离金黄色葡萄球菌,用杆菌肽试验分离化脓性链球菌。结果:本研究结果显示,暴露时间60min的C病区下午2:00细菌负荷最高,为1468 CFU/m(3);物理治疗病区上午8:00细菌浓度最低,为480 CFU/m(3)。结果冈达尔大学附属医院室内空气细菌浓度为480 ~ 1468 CFU/m(3)。单因素方差分析结果显示,内科病房平均细菌浓度最高(1271.00 CFU/m(3)), D病房最低(583.25 CFU/m(3)),总平均浓度为878.43 CFU/m(3)。在调查期间,观察到细菌生长和繁殖的有利条件,如温度(26.5-29.5°C)、湿度(64.5- 85%)、不卫生的附属厕所、不良的废物管理系统和不良的通风系统。10个病房检出金黄色葡萄球菌,8个病房检出化脓性链球菌。结论:与不同室内空气生物标准相比,冈达尔大学教学医院室内空气细菌负荷浓度较高。较高的细菌负荷可能是由于温度、湿度、不卫生的附属厕所、不良的废物管理系统和不良的通风系统。因此,必须注意控制室内环境中有利于微生物生长和繁殖的环境因素。此外,小区的通风条件、厕所清洁度、清扫方式和垃圾处理系统也应得到改善。
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High bacterial load of indoor air in hospital wards: the case of University of Gondar teaching hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Background: The air inhaled by people is abundantly populated with microorganisms which also are called bioaerosols. Bioaerosols is a colloidal suspension, formed by liquid droplets and particles of solid matter in the air, whose components contain or have attached to them viruses, fungal spores and conidia, bacterial endospores, plant pollen and fragments of plant tissues. They account for 5-34 % of indoor air pollution.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the bacteriological concentration and to identify specific species of bacteria in the indoor air of Gondar University teaching hospital. Air samples were taken from 14 randomly selected wards. Bacterial measurements were made by passive air sampling technique i.e., the settle plate method. In each ward five Petri dishes were exposed for 30 and 60 min in the morning and afternoon. Bacteria were collected on nutrient agar and blood agar media. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. The quantitative analysis was mainly conducted to determine bacterial load or number of bacteria in the indoor air. Bacterial load was enumerated as colony forming units. Qualitative analysis was conducted to identify specific species of bacteria. For this study we have selected Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus which had high public health concern. Mannitol test was used to isolate Staphylococcus aureus, whereas Bacitracin test was conducted to isolate Streptococcus pyogene.

Result: The result of this study indicated that the highest bacterial load which was 1468 CFU/m(3) has been recorded at 2:00 PM in Ward C at 60 min exposure time and the lowest bacterial concentration (i.e., 480 CFU/m(3)) was recorded at 8:00 AM in physiotherapy ward. Based on the result bacterial concentration of indoor air of Gondar University teaching hospital was found between 480 and 1468 CFU/m(3). The result of one way ANOVA showed that the highest mean bacterial concentration (1271.00 CFU/m(3)) was found in Medical ward and the least (583.25 CFU/m(3)) concentration was found in ward D and the grand total average concentration was 878.43 CFU/m(3). Favorable conditions for growth and multiplication of bacteria like temperature (26.5-29.5 °C), humidity (64.5-85 %), presence of unhygienic attached toilets, poor waste management system and poor ventilation system were observed during the survey. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 10 wards and Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in 8 hospital wards.

Conclusions: Compared with different indoor air biological standards, higher concentration of indoor air bacterial load was found in Gondar University teaching hospital. The higher bacterial load may be due to temperature, humidity, presence of unhygienic attached toilets, poor waste management system and poor ventilation system. Therefore, attention must be given to control those environmental factors which favor the growth and multiplication of microbes in indoor environment. In addition, also the ventilation condition, cleanliness of toilets, sweeping methods and waste disposal system of the compound should be improved.

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来源期刊
Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine
Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine Medicine-Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
自引率
0.00%
发文量
23
期刊介绍: Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine is the official journal of the Italian Respiratory Society - Società Italiana di Pneumologia (IRS/SIP). The journal publishes on all aspects of respiratory medicine and related fields, with a particular focus on interdisciplinary and translational research. The interdisciplinary nature of the journal provides a unique opportunity for researchers, clinicians and healthcare professionals across specialties to collaborate and exchange information. The journal provides a high visibility platform for the publication and dissemination of top quality original scientific articles, reviews and important position papers documenting clinical and experimental advances.
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