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引用次数: 0
摘要
对称性是三种派生关系之一(与传递性和反身性并列),表示明确训练的条件关系是等价关系,并且这些训练关系的元素是刺激类的成员。虽然在人类进行 AB 条件辨别训练后通常能观察到 BA 对称性,但直到最近,这种现象在其他动物中一直难以捉摸。本文描述了过去在非人类动物身上观察对称性的失败尝试,以及不成功的可能原因。然后,我描述了针对以前的发现所做的方法上的改变是如何在鸽子身上获得对称性的有力证据的,以及这些改变对功能匹配刺激的启示。最后,我描述了刺激类形成理论(Urcuioli,2008 年),该理论明确了对称性和其他衍生关系是如何以及为何从不同的训练关系集中产生的。这些派生关系之所以值得注意,是因为它们展示了动物非相似性分类效应的一个令人印象深刻的剧目,以及强化和刺激控制过程对行为的生成效应。
A successful search for symmetry (and other derived relations) in the conditional discriminations of pigeons.
Symmetry is one of three derived relations (along with transitivity and reflexivity) that indicate that explicitly trained conditional relations are equivalence relations and that the elements of those trained relations are members of a stimulus class. Although BA symmetry is typically observed after AB conditional discrimination training in humans, it has been an elusive phenomenon in other animals until just recently. This paper describes past unsuccessful attempts to observe symmetry in non-human animals and the likely reasons for that lack of success. I then describe how methodological changes made in response to the earlier findings have now yielded robust evidence for symmetry in pigeons, and what these changes indicate about the functional matching stimuli. Finally, I describe a theory of stimulus-class formation (Urcuioli, 2008) which specifies how and why symmetry and other derived relations arise from different sets of trained relations. These derived relations are noteworthy because they demonstrate an impressive repertoire of non-similarity-based categorization effects in animals and the generative effects of reinforcement and stimulus control processes on behavior.