行为和习惯的刺激控制:在习惯行为发展中增强可预测性和注意力的作用。

Eric A Thrailkill, Sydney Trask, Pedro Vidal, José A Alcalá, Mark E Bouton
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摘要

目标导向行动是工具性行为,其表现取决于生物体对强化结果价值的认识。相反,习惯是工具性行为,对结果的当前价值不敏感。尽管日常生活中的习惯通常由引发它们的刺激来控制,但大多数研究都是使用自由操作程序来研究习惯的,在该程序中,没有离散的刺激来引发反应。因此,我们研究了在存在判别刺激(s)但不存在判别刺激的情况下,按随机间隔30秒的时间表对大鼠进行杠杆按压强化时的习惯学习。在实验1中,在4、22和66次器械训练后,用味觉厌恶条件反射来削弱增强剂在30-s s中的器械反应。因此,即使是广泛的实践也会产生目标导向的行动,而不是习惯。实验2和3对比地发现,当S的持续时间从30s增加到8min时,形成了习惯。然后,实验4发现,当30s的S总是含有增强剂时,形成习惯;当以相同的速率获得加强剂时,目标导向的动作得以维持,但只有50%的Ss发生了这种情况(与之前的实验一样)。研究结果挑战了这样一种观点,即习惯是重复强化的必然结果(如效应定律),相反,这表明当强化者变得可预测时,受歧视的习惯就会形成。在这些条件下,生物体可能不太关注自己的行为,就像它们不太关注巴甫洛夫条件反射中与预测的强化物相关的信号一样。(PsycINFO数据库记录(c)2018 APA,保留所有权利)。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

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Stimulus control of actions and habits: A role for reinforcer predictability and attention in the development of habitual behavior.

Goal-directed actions are instrumental behaviors whose performance depends on the organism's knowledge of the reinforcing outcome's value. In contrast, habits are instrumental behaviors that are insensitive to the outcome's current value. Although habits in everyday life are typically controlled by stimuli that occasion them, most research has studied habits using free-operant procedures in which no discrete stimuli are present to occasion the response. We therefore studied habit learning when rats were reinforced for lever pressing on a random-interval 30-s schedule in the presence of a discriminative stimulus (S) but not in its absence. In Experiment 1, devaluing the reinforcer with taste aversion conditioning weakened instrumental responding in a 30-s S after 4, 22, and 66 sessions of instrumental training. Even extensive practice thus produced goal-directed action, not habit. Experiments 2 and 3 contrastingly found habit when the duration of S was increased from 30 s to 8 min. Experiment 4 then found habit with the 30-s S when it always contained a reinforcer; goal-directed action was maintained when reinforcers were earned at the same rate but occurred in only 50% of Ss (as in the previous experiments). The results challenge the view that habits are an inevitable consequence of repeated reinforcement (as in the law of effect) and instead suggest that discriminated habits develop when the reinforcer becomes predictable. Under those conditions, organisms may pay less attention to their behavior, much as they pay less attention to signals associated with predicted reinforcers in Pavlovian conditioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

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来源期刊
自引率
23.10%
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0
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition publishes experimental and theoretical studies concerning all aspects of animal behavior processes.
期刊最新文献
Valence generalization across nonrecurring structures. Learned biases in the processing of outcomes: A brief review of the outcome predictability effect. Conditioned inhibition: Historical critiques and controversies in the light of recent advances. The partial reinforcement extinction effect: The proportion of trials reinforced during conditioning predicts the number of trials to extinction. On the role of responses in Pavlovian acquisition.
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