Electrodiagnostic referrals and neuromuscular disease pattern in East Africa: Experience from a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia

Objective

We present a retrospective cross-sectional review of the electrodiagnostic (EDX) referral and diagnostic patterns in patients with suspected neuromuscular conditions at a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia.

Methods

Between 2016 and 2019, 313 patients were evaluated at the EDX lab in Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In our patients, nerve conduction study and when appropriate needle electromyography was done. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from a digital registry.

Results

Polyneuropathy (19.8%), carpal tunnel syndrome (12.1%), and lumbosacral radiculopathy (9.9 %) were the top three reasons for EDX referral in Ethiopia. Among them, polyneuropathy was the most frequent electrodiagnosis, where diffuse axonal and demyelinating subtypes accounted for 54% and 18.8%, respectively. Guillain-Barre syndrome was suspected in 18 patients and 15 had EDX confirmed motor axon polyneuropathy while three patients had demyelinating variant. Although a quarter (26.2%) of the referrals had a normal EDX, abnormal test results were significantly associated with weakness (95% CI: 3.29–7.04, p < 0.001), bound to wheelchair (95% CI: 1.86–2.87, p = 0.01) and having a specific diagnosis at time of referral (95% CI: 2.53–4.68, p = 0.007).

Conclusions

Diffuse and entrapment neuropathies were the main reasons for electrodiagnosis test referrals in Ethiopia. Also, motor axonal variant was the most common type of inflammatory polyneuropathy diagnosed with EDX.

Significance

Proper patient evaluation and documentation significantly improves the diagnostic yield and cost-effectiveness of EDX testing in a resource-poor countries like Ethiopia. This might be achieved through educating medical students, residents, and other care providers on the basics of EDX and its indications for correct use in the clinical care.