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引用次数: 1
摘要
本文以托马斯·哈代和莱斯利·斯蒂芬在1875年的一次重要对话为出发点,讨论了“时间的非现实性”(Maitland 1906, 203)。哈代(1873)的小说《一双蓝眼睛》(A Pair of Blue Eyes)中就体现了这一观点。在小说中,业余地质学家亨利·奈特(Henry Knight)被吊在悬崖上,眼前闪现出一幅深时空的景象,最终以与一只三叶虫的对视而告终。几位评论家认为,几周前出版的莱斯利·斯蒂芬(Leslie Stephen)的《阿尔卑斯山上糟糕的五分钟》(A Bad Five Minutes in the Alps, 1872)是哈代这一场景的灵感来源。我调查了这些说法,并认为吉迪恩·曼特尔的《地质奇观》(1848)影响更大。借鉴帕特里夏·英厄姆和阿德琳·巴克兰的作品,我考虑了这些文本之间的差异,并探讨了哈代移除了曼特尔“更高智慧”的目光,用进化尺度上的倒退取代了他的目的论时间观的含义。这预示了托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎的担忧,即随着太阳的冷却,人类最终将退化为“低级”和“简单”的生物,“如北极和南极冰上的硅藻”(1894,191)。本文还引用了哈代的《地质奇观》副本(现藏于拜内克),并对其出处提出了争议。最后,我得出结论,这个场景提出了从未完全解决的规模问题,这些问题困扰着哈代的其余作品。
ABSTRACT This paper takes as its starting point an important conversation held between Thomas Hardy and Leslie Stephen in 1875 in which they discussed the “unreality of time” (Maitland 1906, 203). This idea informs Hardy’s (1873) novel, A Pair of Blue Eyes, in which the amateur geologist Henry Knight hangs from a cliff and before him flashes a vision of deep time, which culminates in an eye-to-eye encounter with a trilobite. Several critics have argued for Leslie Stephen’s “A Bad Five Minutes in the Alps” (1872), published just weeks before, as a source of inspiration for Hardy’s scene. I investigate these claims, and argue that Gideon Mantell’s Wonders of Geology (1848) was a greater influence. Drawing on the work of Patricia Ingham and Adelene Buckland, I consider the differences between these texts, and explore the implications of Hardy’s removing the gaze of Mantell’s “higher intelligence” and replacing his teleological view of time with a backwards slide down the evolutionary scale. This prefigured Thomas Henry Huxley’s fear that with the cooling of the sun, humankind would eventually devolve into “low” and “simple” organisms “such as the Diatom of the arctic and antarctic ice” (1894, 191). This paper also draws on Hardy’s copy of The Wonders of Geology, now in the Beinecke, and contested questions around its provenance. Finally, I conclude that this scene raises questions of scale that are never fully resolved and that these questions haunt the rest of Hardy’s oeuvre.
期刊介绍:
Nineteenth-Century Contexts is committed to interdisciplinary recuperations of “new” nineteenth centuries and their relation to contemporary geopolitical developments. The journal challenges traditional modes of categorizing the nineteenth century by forging innovative contextualizations across a wide spectrum of nineteenth century experience and the critical disciplines that examine it. Articles not only integrate theories and methods of various fields of inquiry — art, history, musicology, anthropology, literary criticism, religious studies, social history, economics, popular culture studies, and the history of science, among others.