A Study on Visual Scaffolding Design Principles in Web-Based Learning Environments

Visual scaffolding, a type of scaffolding provided in a visual format, is considered to have potential in web-based learning environments as it naturally includes tacit information, highlights the critical features of tasks and promotes learning through the spatial organization of tasks. However, systematic approaches to visual scaffolding design principles are rare. This study aims to develop visual scaffolding design principles and guidelines in a web-based learning environment through a literature review. The specific visual scaffolding design principles regarding objects are 1) the spatial organization of information, 2) coaching, modelling, and mentoring, 3) explication of the task structure, 4) explication of the process, 5) explication of the cognitive process, 6) explication of understanding, 7) metacognitive prompts. In terms of visuals, the principles drawn are 8) ensuring visibility, coupling, and usability, 9) the use of appropriate visuals, 10) proximity and simplicity of the display, 11) spatial organization of the toolset. The principles regarding the learners are 12) consideration of different learners, and 13) manipulation of support and use. The limitations and future research directions are discussed.