State-of-the-art development about cryogenic technologies to support space-based infrared detection

As a key technology for space-based Earth observation and astronomical exploration, cooled mid-wavelength and long-wavelength Infrared (IR) detection is widely used in national defense, astronomy exploration, medical imaging, environmental monitoring, agricultural and other areas. The performances of IR detectors, including cut-off wavelength, detectivity, sensitivity and temperature resolution, plays a significant role in efficiently observing and tracking the low-temperature far-distance moving targets. Achieving optimal detection performance requires the IR detectors to operate at cryogenic temperatures. The future development of space-based applications relies heavily on the mid-wavelength and long-wavelength IR detection technologies, which should be enabled by the long-life cryogenic refrigeration and high-efficiency energy transportation system operating below 40 K, to support the Earth observation and astronomical detection. However, the efficiency degradation caused by the super low temperature brings tremendous challenges to the life time of cryogenic refrigeration and energy transportation systems. This paper evaluates the influence of cryogenic temperature on the infrared detector performances, reviews the features, development and space applications of cryogenic cooling technologies, as well as the cryogenic energy transportation approaches. Additionally, it analyzes the future development trends and challenges in supporting the space-based IR detection.