Technological options and design evolution for recycling spent lithium‐ion batteries: Impact, challenges, and opportunities

The lithium‐ion battery (LIB) market is growing, driven by consumer demand and the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The socio‐environmental impacts of LIBs production are vast; thus, it is of paramount importance to acquire knowledge about the consequences of lithium metal mining on human health, farming and the overall ecosystem. The materials embedded in spent LIBs have high industrial value. To minimize environmental impacts and conserve declining natural resources, the global supply chain for the raw materials for LIBs should not rely solely on mining. Rather, manufacturers should have access to the critical materials recovered from waste, as a sustainable and reliable secondary source of valuable materials. It is also crucial to study the hazards and economic considerations associated with waste LIB management from disassembly to final recycling stage. This article evaluates and highlights various current approaches to recycling and reuse of LIBs, as well as potential future developments. The pros and cons of different technological options for recycling spent LIBs, and opportunities to use small‐scale recycling technology to overcome the associated barriers, are also discussed.