Fifth-Generation Hybrid Warfare in Pakistan: Mapping Hybrid Threats, State Interpretation, and the Way Forward

Communication and warfare have an inevitable relationship and are defined by the “nature and character” of technology. The intersection of contemporary Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and modern trends of warfare is known as the "Fifth Generation (5G) Hybrid War." This research explores the ‘State’ interpretation of 5G Hybrid Warfare. The study also comprehends the state's threat perception and subsequent response across DIMEFIL (diplomacy, information, military, economy, finance, intelligence, lawfare) spheres both internally and externally. The research has used a qualitative method of data collection. The analyses and discussion is based on the data collected from the in-depth interviews of top officials from national security institutions, the Federal Information Ministry, Intelligence Bureau, leading international and national journalists, and civil society offers state interpretation. The study proposes a Tripartite Defense Strategy in the form of short-term, mid-term, and long-term actions across DIMEFIL spheres. In the short-term, the state must address local issues which are exploited by external