Effects of organic fertilizers produced using different techniques on rice grain yield and ammonia volatilization in double-cropping rice fields

Ammonia (NH₃) volatilization from rice fields contributes to poor air quality and indicates low nitrogen use efficiency. Although organic fertilizers can meet the nitrogen requirement for rice growth, the simultaneous effects of organic fertilizers on NH₃ volatilization and rice yield in paddy fields are poorly understood and quantified. To address this gap in our knowledge, experimental field plots were established in a conventional double-cropping paddy field in the Pearl River Delta region, southern China. Five fertilizer treatments were used besides the control with no fertilizer: fresh organic fertilizer, successively composted organic fertilizer, chemically composted organic fertilizer, mixture of chemically composted organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer. Ammonia volatilization was measured using a batch-type airflow enclosure method. No significant differences in grain yield were observed among organic and chemical fertilizer treatments. However, compared with chemical fertilizer, chemically composted organic fertilizer and successively composted organic fertilizer significantly decreased total NH₃ volatilization by 70% and 68%, respectively. The ammonium-nitrogen concentration in field surface water correlated strongly (P < 0.01) and positively with NH₃ volatilization across fertilization treatments. Our findings demonstrate that chemically composted organic fertilizer can sustain rice yield while reducing NH₃ volatilization. An important future step is to promote these field measurements to similar rice cultivation areas to quantify the regional- and national-scale impact on air quality and nitrogen deposition in sensitive areas, and to design and implement better fertilizer management practices