Spiritual Mining: Augustinian Images of Extraction in Colonial Peru

Abstract Prints and paintings that celebrate the conversion of Indigenous peoples to Christianity can be perceived as “spiritual mining” in light of an underlying extractive ethos that structured the colonial enterprise. This article discusses seventeenth-century artworks commissioned by the Augustinian Order in Peru, which equated evangelization with the mining of precious minerals. Analysis of the artworks paired with a close historical reading of the book of Job identifies an agenda that objectifies Indigenous souls as treasure in order to normalize gestational events in global capitalism—the extraction of mineral resources from American lands and exploitation of Indigenous labor.