Antidiabetic effect of black pepper, turmeric, and ajwa date pulp, seed, and their mixtures as antioxidants in alloxan diabetic rats

. Testing natural antihyperlipidemic substances is necessary due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus, which leads to chronic hyperglycaemia and poses a significant threat to public health and well-being worldwide. The present study investigated the anti-diabetic effect of black pepper, turmeric, and ajwa date pulp + seed and their mixtures as hypolipidemic, antioxidant and protective agents on the liver and kidney by examining histological changes in alloxanised diabetic rats. Eleven groups consisting of eighteen males and eighteen females were divided into a normal control (non-diabetic), a positive control (diabetic), positive groups receiving glibenclamide (10 mg kg -1 body weight), black pepper (BP), turmeric (T), ajwa pulp (AP), ajwa seeds (AS) aqueous extracts and their various combinations. The dose of BP aqueous extract was 50 mg kg -1 body weight, while the dose of the other materials was 500 mg kg -1 body weight. The aqueous extracts were administered orally once daily for eight weeks. Our phytochemical screening detected the presence of fla - vonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and alkaloids in these extracts. The results pertaining to serum levels of glucose, lipids, glycosylated haemoglobin, and anti-oxidant biomarkers revealed significant improvements after administration of AS, BP + AS, and the mixture of