Framing the Australian extreme right: proposing a threefold typology with consideration of legislation and listing regulations

ABSTRACT The contemporary extreme right is home to diverse milieus, some of which challenge or confuse stereotypical understandings of the threat. This study seeks to describe and organise the different milieus of the Australian extreme right into a typology based on the past decade of observable violent activities. The typology proposes a threefold way to view the Australian extreme right: 1. ethnocentric milieus, who asymmetrically evaluate other peoples and cultures, commonly informed by abstractions and preconceptions, especially as related to religion or ethnicity; 2. anti-government milieus, who fixate on the government and its policies as the primary source of societal woes; and 3. religious milieus, spanning numerous religious traditions and faiths, who anchor their worldviews in theological constructions. Having developed this typology, we revisited counteractions anchored in international practice and domestic legislation. We suggest that the existing domestic legislative environment is sufficient to manage these threats when informed by international practice.