High ileostomy output: A practical review of pathophysiology, causes, and management✰

Ileostomies are commonly created for a variety of gastrointestinal disease; however, anatomic and physiologic alterations often render ileostomy patients vulnerable to high outputs, dehydration, and electrolyte derangements. Proactive dietary, medical, and behavioral strategies can decrease ileostomy outputs and minimize complications related to high outputs. This article discusses physiology and pathophysiology relating to ileostomies and high-output ileostomies. Diagnostic assessments, work-up, and treatment options for patients with high output ileostomies are thoroughly reviewed through the lens of a healthcare provider.