A narrative review of curcuminoids from various Curcuma species in Indonesia as potential antidiabetic agents

Objective: To discuss the potential of curcuminoids from various Curcuma plants in Indonesia as the antidiabetic agent for diabetes mellitus treatment. Background: Natural bioactive compounds are very attractive for medical applications, owing to their abundant availability, as well as safe and non-toxic properties for human body. One of the promising bioactive compounds is curcuminoids. Curcuminoids may consist of three main components, which are curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin, and generally can be found in Curcuma species. Various types of Curcuma species can be found in various locations in Indonesia, i.e., Curcuma longa, Curcuma heyneana, Curcuma zanthorrhiza , and Curcuma mangga . The Curcuma plants have been reported to show antidiabetic activity, which can be a great potential source for diabetes therapy. Method: The narrative review is written based on the published literature retrieved from search engines in internet databases, limiting the discussion on the diabetes mellitus and antidiabetic potentials of curcuminoids extracted from the Curcuma species in Indonesia. Conclusion: As compared to the commercial drugs such as metformin, acarbose, and glibenclamide for diabetes mellitus type 2, the antidiabetic property of curcuma extracts was found to be at a similar level and in several cases were found to give better activity. The different antidiabetic activity of curcuma extract was strongly affected by the Curcuma species, extracting solvents, and the location where the Curcuma species grow as it would be related to the composition of curcuminoids. Even though the high antidiabetic capacity and activity can be observed, the stability and bioavailability of the curcuma extracts still need to be improved. 15 a traditional The Curcuma zanthorrhiza was reported to contain several active compounds, such as curcuminoids, xanthorrhizol, champhor, zerumbone, geranyl acetate curcumene, and zingiberene (43). It was also found that Curcuma zanthorrhiza extract contains 16.64% xanthorrizhol as its bioactive compound. The potential antidiabetic activity of the Curcuma zanthorrhiza obtained from Jakarta was examined by the in - vivo method using high fat diet-induced obese mice. The plant rhizome was extracted in ethanol solvent. Both the crude Curcuma zanthorrhiza extract and purified xanthorrhizol from the plant extracts were investigated to study their antidiabetic activities. The purified xanthorrhizol at 10 and 25 mg/kg/day exhibited a decrease in the fasting blood glucose level up to 21.8 and 33%, respectively. Meanwhile, the Curcuma zanthorrhiza extract at 50 or 100 mg/kg BW/day gave the value of 28.5% and 31.2%, respectively. From the results, both the Curcuma zanthorrhiza extract and purified xanthorrhizol from the extract showed their higher activity as the antidiabetic agent when compared to the standard of metformin at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW/day. This finding suggested that the antidiabetic activity of Curcuma zanthorrhiza extract came not only from the xhantorrhizol but also from other bioactive compounds such as curcuminoids. The mechanism of its antidiabetic activity was found through attenuating