The effects of anthropogenic noise on nest predation with respect to predator species across different habitats and seasons

Noise pollution is a major component of sensory pollution that can disrupt the well-being and functioning of living organisms, affect a variety of life history traits in animals, and reduce their reproductive success. In this study, we used artificial nest experiments with noise manipulation to investigate the influence of anthropogenic noise on nest predation during the breeding and non-breeding seasons and in different forest habitats. We found that the noise treatment did not alter the predation rates or survival probabilities of birds in artificial nests. However, the diversity and species composition of nest predators in artificial pine forests varied between breeding and non-breeding seasons, which may be explained by season-specific adaption of nest predators to bird nests or the unstable ecosystems of artificial forests. The diversity and species composition of nest predators differed between the different forests, probably because of differences in habitat heterogeneity. Predation time varied with treatment, season, and habitat, although most predators were nocturnal mammals. Niche segregation or changes in optimal foraging time may explain this phenomenon.