Influence of Addition of Ti Particles and Processing Condition on Microstructure and Properties of Selectively Laser-Melted Invar 36 Alloy.

Invar 36 exhibits extremely low thermal expansion coefficients at low temperatures but also low yield strength (YS), which greatly restricts its application as a structural material. In this study, a small fraction of pure titanium powder particles was added into Invar 36 by powder mixing and selective laser melting (SLM) with the aim of further improving tensile strengths of Invar 36. It was found that increased laser power led to increased grain size and to slight decrease in YS in Invar 36. During SLM, amorphous SiO₂ nanoparticles were formed and homogeneously distributed in Invar 36. With the addition of 2 at% Ti powder particles, grains became larger and the crystallographic texture along <001> and <111> increased to some extent. Moreover, the bottom of solidified melt pools was segregated with Ti while the matrix was homogeneously decorated by a great number of nano-sized spherical Ti₂O₃ particles. These particles were found to have effectively impeded dislocation motion during plastic deformation, leading to significant improvement in 0.2% YS and ultimate tensile strength. The above precipitation led to consumption of a small amount of Ni from the matrix, which caused a minor compromise in thermal expansion properties. Nonetheless, the newly synthesized Invar 36-Ti alloy still exhibits low thermal expansion coefficients at low temperatures and remarkably enhanced tensile strengths.