Russian russian things from the golden horde capital-the city of Saray al-Jedid (on the question of the settlement of russians in the golden horde lower volga cities)

The purpose of the article is to study the archaeological evidence of the presence of the Russian Orthodox population in the Golden Horde capitals of Saray and Saray al-Jedid and in other Lower Volga cities. The chronological framework of the study covers the middle of the XIII — beginning of the XV centuries. The main sources are written sources and archaeological materials. The work is based on a comprehensive comparative-critical analysis of known sources. The article describes the objects of Christian Orthodox worship discovered during archaeological research at the Saltpetre settlement (Saray al-Jedid). The article provides information on the frequency of Orthodox items and other samples of material culture of the Russian population in the Lower Volga Golden Horde cities. A comparative analysis of information and archaeological sources about the stay of Russians in the Golden Horde capitals (Saray and Saray al-Jedid) and the cities of Hadji Tarkhan, Ukek, Beldjamen, Gulistan is carried out. In the process of considering the time of appearance on the Lower Volga of immigrants from Russian lands, the author’s version of the name of the Golden Horde city of Hadji Tarkhan is proposed. It is assumed that during the existence of the Lower Volga metropolitan region of the Ulus of Jochi, the residence of compact groups of the Russian population on its territory was orderly. In the XIII century. For this purpose, the cities of Hadji Tarkhan and Ukek were identified, and in the XIV century — the cities of Ukek, Beldjamen, and Gulistan. The Golden Horde capitals were probably visited by Russian people only briefly and irregularly. At the turn of the XIV– XV centuries. The “Russian question” was decided in the city of Sarai al-Jedid.