Molecular Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Cytomegalovirus Antigen Expression in Breast Cancer in Khartoum State, Sudan 2018

Breast cancer in women worldwide is considered as the most widespread disease and a most important etiology of mortality [1,2]. Several internal and external factors contribute to the development of this cancer. Internal factors such as age, hormonal effects, lifestyle, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, gender, anxiety and stress, genetic predisposition (mutation in BRCA1, 2 and other genes) and family history of breast cancer [3,4]. Exogenous factors include infection with oncogenic viruses such as Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Oncogenic viruses are contributing to 20% of human cancers [5]. Recently, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been linked to the development of inflammatory diseases and cancer . EBV It is the causative agent of Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) and has been associated with a growing list of malignancies of both lymphoid and epithelial origin including Burkitt’s lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma in immunocompromised subjects, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). Based on this association, the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified EBV among group I carcinogens which are agents that definitely cause neoplasm in humans [7.