José Martí: Epochal Critique, Naturalistic Religiosity, and Deconstruction of the Western Modern Ethos

The article proposes a heuristic analysis of the spiritual and philosophical formation of José Martí, focusing on the qualitative specificity of his religiosity and its critical reflexivity in response to epochal problems. Using a logical, dialectical, and historical-philosophical methodology, the article examines the processes of semantic inversion, semiotic complementarity, and sigmoidal interactions of philosophical-religious concepts such as “Dios”, “Alma,” “Amor” y “Naturaleza” in José Martí’s representative works, including “Prólogo al poema del Niágara,” “Cuadernos de apuntes” y “Emerson.” Additionally, the article reveals the transgressive social functions of Martí’s religiosity in historical context, viewed from an axiological, ideological, critical, prospective, and heuristic perspective. Keywords: José Martí; Epochal Criticality; Naturalistic Religiosity; Cultural Ethos; Western Modernity.