嗅觉系统功能形态的现代概念及其在某些外源污染物影响下的变化

A. Shkodina, R. Hrinko, I. Starchenko
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引用次数: 3

摘要

身体和环境之间的相互作用提供了人类生活的主要方面。嗅觉分析仪功能结构的研究在临床和实验研究中都发挥着重要作用,但其在人类中的特征问题还需要详细研究。本文介绍了嗅觉分析仪的结构和功能组织的现代数据。作为嗅觉分析仪中最复杂、研究最少的部件,嗅球的结构组织受到了特别关注。描述了嗅觉分析仪在某些疾病中的形态和功能变化,以及在不利环境因素的作用下的变化,同时强调了根据致病因素影响的性质,嗅觉分析仪损伤的发病机制的差异。通过这种方式,由于污染物的短期强烈影响,不可逆的萎缩性变化主要影响嗅觉上皮,从而在某种程度上阻止了毒素向其他分析仪结构的传播。相反,长期暴露于低剂量通常会保留嗅觉上皮的功能活性,而有害物质会穿透嗅觉分析器的中央单元。在这种情况下,在使用某些污染物的队列开始后很长一段时间后,可以诊断出嗅觉功能障碍。目前,关于外源毒素对动物实验模型嗅觉分析仪各部分影响的研究相当活跃。与此同时,人类嗅觉分析仪的各种结构部件在负面环境因素影响下的功能和形态变化问题仍然知之甚少,需要进一步的形态学和生物化学研究,以便能够进一步开发有效的治疗和预防手段。
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MODERN CONCEPTION AS TO THE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM AND ITS CHANGES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SOME EXOGENOUS POLLUTANTS
The interaction between a body and an environment provides the main aspects of human life. The study of the functional structure of the olfactory analyzer plays an important role both in clinical and in experimental studies, but the question of its features in humans needs detailed research. The paper presents the modern data of the structural and functional organization of the olfactory analyzer. Particular attention is paid to the structural organization of olfactory bulbs as most complicated and least studied component of the olfactory analyzer. The morphological and functional changes of the olfactory analyzer are developing in some diseases and in action of adverse environmental factors are described while the accentuation is placed on the differences of the mechanism in the pathogenesis of damage to the olfactory analyzer, depending on the nature of the influence of pathogenic factors. In this way as the result of short-term intense effects of the pollutant, irreversible atrophic changes are primarily affected to the olfactory epithelium, thus, to some extent, preventing the spread of the toxin to other analyzer structures. Conversely, a long-term exposure to low doses usually retains the functional activity of the olfactory epithelium, while harmful substances penetrate the central unit of the olfactory analyzer. In such cases, the olfactory dysfunction can be diagnosed after a long time after the start of the cohort with certain pollutants. Currently, studies of the influence of exogenous toxins on various parts of the olfactory analyzer on animal experimental models are quite active. At the same time, the issue of functional and morphological changes in various structural components of the human olfactory analyzer under the influence of negative environmental factors remains poorly understood and requires further morphological and biochemical studies, in order to be able to further develop effective therapeutic and prophylactic means.
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