System of gender identification and age estimation from radiography: a review

Under extreme conditions postmortem, dental radiography examinations can play an essential role in individual identification. In forensic odontology, individual identification traditionally compares antemortem dental records radiographs with those obtained on postmortem examination. As such, these traditional methods are vulnerable to oversights or mistakes in the individual identification of unidentified bodies. Digital technology can develop forensic odontology well. An automatic individual identification system is needed to support the forensic odontology process more easily and quickly because there are still opportunities to be created. We aimed to review the complete range of recent developments in identifying individuals from panoramic radiographs. We study methods in gender identification, age estimation, radiographic segmentation, performance analysis, and promising future directions.