Gastroprotective and ulcer healing potentials of Nigerian Bee Propolis flavonoid extract on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in albino rats (Wistar Strains)

Gastric ulcer is a serious global health challenge, and various natural products are being investigated to prevent and manage the condition. This study evaluated the gastroprotective and ulcer healing potentials of Nigerian bee propolis flavonoid-rich extract (NPE) on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in albino rats. Sixty adult male albino rats (222 ± 6.4 g) randomised into 5 groups (n = 12) were studied. Group A (SHAM) was left untreated, while gastric ulcer was induced in groups B (NPE), C (omeprazole) and D (saline). Group E (PRPE) was pre-treated with NPE prior to ulcer induction. The rate of ulcer contraction, volume and pH of gastric juice, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. The results showed a significantly higher rate of contraction (P = 0.001) between days 9 and 12 (NPE > OME > PRPE > SAL) and a significant decrease (P = 0.003) in the volume of gastric juice between days 9 and 12 (NPE < OME < PRPE). Gradual increase in pH was observed in all the groups from days 3 to 12, with a significantly higher rate (P < 0.001) between day 6 and 12 (SHAM > NPE > OME > PRPE > SAL). Histological evaluation showed significantly high neutrophils and macrophages on day 6 (P = 0.006) and lymphocytes (P = 0.004) between day 6 and 12 in the OME and NPE groups. NPE showed gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties by inhibiting ulcer formation and facilitating the curation of induced ulcers and is, therefore, a valuable alternative to conventional gastric ulcer therapy, especially in poor resource settings.