2.5D marine CSEM modeling in the frequency-domain based on an improved interpolation scheme at receiver positions

In the marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) survey, the receivers are usually placed at the seafloor. The resistivity contrast between the seawater and seafloor sediments is large, which can cause difficulties in numerical modeling of CSEM fields at receiver locations. In this paper, we present an improved interpolating method for calculating electric and magnetic fields at the seafloor with a resistivity contrast. This method is applied to the 2. 5 dimensional (2. 5D) frequency-domain CSEM modeling with towed transmitters and receivers located at the seafloor. Considering the discontinuity of the normal electric fields, we use the normal current electric density for interpolation. We simulate the 2. 5D marine CSEM responses by the staggered finite-difference (SFD) method with Fourier transform to the strike direction. The final SFD equations are solved by the direct solver MUMPS (MUltifrontal Massively Parallel Sparse direct Solver). To avoid the source singularities, the secondary-field approach is used and the primary fields excited by the electric dipole source can be calculated quasi-analytically for the one-dimensional (1D) layered background model. We focus on interpolating of electric and magnetic fields in the wavenumber domain to the receiver locations at the seafloor interface between the conductive seawater and resistive seafloor formation. The secondary electric and magnetic fields are used for interpolation instead of the total fields for high numerical accuracy. After performing the inverse Fourier transform to the wavenumbers, the electric and magnetic fields in the space domain are obtained. To check the accuracy of our 2. 5D marine CSEM SFD modeling algorithm with the improved receiver interpolating technique, we compare our results with both the 1D analytical results and the adaptive finite element results. The SFD numerical results are approved to be accurate. We also compare the numerical accuracy between our improved interpolation scheme and others, i.e., the conventional linear interpolation and the rigorous interpolation. The proposed interpolation only utilizes the nodes below/above the seafloor interface, and is proved to be much more accurate than the other two interpolating methods used.