Pesticide-induced hormesis in arthropods: Towards biological systems

Misconceptions and misperceptions delayed the recognition of the importance of pesticide-induced hormesis in arthropods. Emphasis on lethality as an endpoint in experiments historically prevailed as sublethal effects were frequently neglected. This trend has shifted with the recognition of the importance of pesticide-induced hormesis, but with relatively passive evolution of the science, following a utilitarian view rooted mainly in agricultural pest management and crop yield. Direct pesticide effects on pest species remain the primary focus, which is now also directed to natural enemies of pest species and pollinators. This mini-review emphasizes how hormesis may affect species interactions and the broader consequences at the community level to provide further understanding of its eco-evolutionary relevance beyond its short-term practical implications for agriculture production.