Effects of a Synchronous Online Fraction Intervention Using Virtual Manipulatives for Students With Learning Disabilities

This study investigates the effects of a synchronous online intervention that explicitly taught equivalent fractions using virtual manipulatives to fifth-grade students with learning disabilities. Employing a multiple probe across participants single-case design, this study provided 15 fraction lessons via video conferencing programs to three fifth-grade students with learning disabilities. During these online interventions, participants received one-on-one explicit instruction, practiced key concepts using virtual manipulatives, and solved fraction problems using interactive boards. Researcher-developed probes measured the participants’ percentages of correct answers across baseline, intervention, and maintenance phases via an online assessment tool. In overall, students’ performance improved as the intervention was introduced; however, the extent and maintenance of improvement varied according to the students’ participation and perspectives regarding online instruction.