Health risks associated with the chronic consumption of energy drinks in children and adolescents

Energy drinks (EDs) have been available at the global market for almost 100 years and today, they are advertised as ’tools’ boost energy, enhance physical performance and mental alertness. Some of the main chemical components in EDs include caffeine, ginseng, and taurine. The market and consumption of these beverages is growing exponentially, and this is becoming a public health problem due to the adverse effects associated with these drinks. The main objective of this article is to review important ingredients in popular EDs in South Africa and look at their molecular mechanisms of action and interaction with other compounds within the body. At the same time, the authors aim to review the global consumption pattern of EDs among children and adolescents. Finally, this review article will provide an overview the health risks associated with EDs consumption. A literature review was conducted using scholarly databases. Keywords such as energy drinks, adverse effects, advertising, alcohol, caffeine, taurine, and regulations were used. Despite the claims of having significant benefits to mental and physical stamina, long-term consumption of EDs could have detrimental public health implications; and could result in increasing rates of the central nervous system disorders and the cardiovascular complications. A knowledge gap exists on how the lack of education impacts the decision of consumers of EDs and the parental guidance provided to children and adolescents in relation to the consumption of these beverages in South Africa. To address the issue of excessive ED consumption, communities need to be made aware of the harmful effects of these beverages through health education and implementing strict regulatory measures through policy.