Flexible-fabricated sensor module with programmable magnetic actuators coupled to L-cysteine functionalized Ag@Fe3O4 complexes for Cu2+ detection in fish tissues

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination for seafood, particularly fish, is arising great concerns, and consequentially it is necessary to develop a simple and direct detection method. In this work, Ag@Fe₃O₄ is successfully prepared by simple solvothermal method, and we present a flexible-fabricated sensor module with assembled programmable magnetic actuators. The resulting sensor integrates a three-electrode system with two programmable magnetic actuators at the bottom of the device, which regulates the amount of current by adjusting the brake to control the adsorption force and vibration. The L-Cysteine functionalized Ag@Fe₃O₄ is coated on the surface of the electrode, then the Cu²⁺ is dropped into the reaction tank. Its performance is studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the key experimental conditions such as deposition potential, deposition time, and electrolyte pH are gradually optimized. Under optimal conditions, Cu²⁺ can be detected over a wide linear range (0.01 ~ 4 μM) and at a low LOD (0.34 nM). The results show that the proposed method has a good application prospect in the detection of Cu²⁺. This method is successfully applied to Cu²⁺ analysis in fish samples with an acceptable recovery of 93 ~ 102%.