当曲调形成形态:祈使词的起源

IF 2.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Journal of Language Evolution Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI:10.31234/osf.io/ef52k
Márton Sóskuthy, Timo B. Roettger
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引用次数: 7

摘要

许多语言使用音高来表达语用意义(因此称为“tune”)。这就需要谐波结构丰富、周期能量高的音段载波,使元音成为曲调的最佳载波。当缺少元音时,曲调可能会出现语音贫乏,危及其功能的恢复。这使得声音系统倾向于通过插入元音等过程来优化音调传输。感召结构——用来吸引和保持收件人的注意力——通常以特定的曲调为特征。许多语言还在词形上标注了祈使词。在这篇文章中,我们认为一个潜在的途径是出现的音调驱动的语音变化的形态学重新分析,有助于携带音高模式。我们对101种语言的语料库进行了比较,从音系组成方面比较了呼动词和结构格标记。我们发现,感叹词通常以额外的韵律调节(元音延长、重音转移、音调变化)为特征,并且包含较少的辅音,这支持了我们的假设,即曲调的声学特性与片段特征相互作用,可以塑造形态标记的出现。这与信息的有效传递是语言进化的驱动力这一观点相吻合,但也强调了广泛定义“信息”的重要性,即除了命题意义外,还包括语用、社会和情感成分。
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When the tune shapes morphology: The origins of vocatives
Many languages use pitch to express pragmatic meaning (henceforth ‘tune’). This requires segmental carriers with rich harmonic structure and high periodic energy, making vowels the optimal carriers of the tune. Tunes can be phonetically impoverished when there is a shortage of vowels, endangering the recovery of their function. This biases sound systems towards the optimisation of tune transmission by processes such as the insertion of vowels. Vocative constructions—used to attract and maintain the addressee’s attention—are often characterised by specific tunes. Many languages additionally mark vocatives morphologically. In this article, we argue that one potential pathway for the emergence of vocative morphemes is the morphological re-analysis of tune-driven phonetic variation that helps to carry pitch patterns. Looking at a corpus of 101 languages, we compare vocatives to structural case markers in terms of their phonological make-up. We find that vocatives are often characterised by additional prosodic modulation (vowel lengthening, stress shift, tone change) and contain substantially fewer consonants, supporting our hypothesis that the acoustic properties of tunes interact with segmental features and can shape the emergence of morphological markers. This fits with the view that the efficient transmission of information is a driving force in the evolution of languages, but also highlights the importance of defining ‘information’ broadly to include pragmatic, social, and affectual components alongside propositional meaning.
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来源期刊
Journal of Language Evolution
Journal of Language Evolution Social Sciences-Linguistics and Language
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
7.70%
发文量
8
期刊最新文献
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