材料的结构和体积硬度

Semenovskyi О. E., Mykhnian O. V.
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在机械工程中,决定材料使用的主要参数是其操作特性,而操作特性是由机械性能决定的。材料必须满足规定的强度、硬度、弹性和粘度参数。除了物理方法外,只有确定材料硬度的方法才能在不破坏零件的情况下进行研究,而无需制作特殊样品。同时,考虑了其余性能与硬度参数间接相关的因素。材料硬度作为一种机械性能的经典定义是固体抵抗另一个较硬物体渗透的能力。基于此,硬度的特征是数值,即较硬物体穿透所研究材料的体积。目前,有很多方法可以测定硬度,但都是副作用。即使是最标准化的方法也会考虑压头和测试材料之间的相互作用区域,这在很大程度上取决于压头的几何形状和载荷。本工作中提出的硬度的体积特性同时考虑了压头的载荷和几何形状。在现代冶金中,通常会根据比例因子,将所有硬度测量方法的单位转换为布氏硬度、洛氏硬度或维氏硬度等公认方法,以进行实际比较。在研究中,作者使用了开发的方法,该方法涉及使用单一特征——材料的体积硬度。这种特性不需要使用通过不同方法获得的硬度单位的过渡表。与其他方法不同,体积硬度实际上对应于硬度特性的物理含量,即一种材料抵抗另一种更硬材料加入其中的能力。其特征是位移的比体积。从数学上讲,它的特征是位移一立方毫米物质所需的努力。这项工作的目的是直观地展示应用体积硬度概念作为一种特性的可能性,该特性对应于材料这一特性的物理意义。表明所提出的技术使比较具有广泛性能的材料的硬度成为可能。为了确保广泛的研究,根据合金的化学成分以及化学和热处理方式,选择了具有不同内部结构的材料。对不同硬度研究方法的结果进行了比较,结果表明,体相硬度可以清楚地表征和概括这些结果。关键词:体积硬度,力学性能,复合合金化,钢,热处理。
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Structure and volumetric hardness of materials
In mechanical engineering, the main parameters that determine the use of materials are their operational characteristics, which are determined by mechanical properties. The material must meet the specified parameters of strength, hardness, elasticity and viscosity. Only the method of determining the hardness of the material, in addition to physical methods, allows conducting research without making special samples without destroying the part. At the same time, the factor that the rest of the properties are indirectly related to the hardness parameter is taken into account. The classic definition of the hardness of materials as a mechanical property is the ability of a solid body to resist the penetration of another harder body into it. Based on this, the hardness is characterized by the value, that is, the volume by which a harder body penetrates the material under study. Currently, there are extremely many methods for determining hardness, but all of them are side effects. Even the most standardized methods take into account the area of interaction between the indenter and the test material, which is highly dependent on the geometry of the indenter and the load. The volumetric characteristic of hardness, which is proposed in this work, takes into account both the load and the geometry of the indenter. In modern metallurgy, it is customary to compare the units of all hardness measurement methods for their practical comparison, depending on the scale factor, by converting their values to such generally accepted methods as Brinell, Rockwell, or Vickers. For research, the authors used the developed methodology, which involves the use of a single characteristic - volume hardness of materials. This characteristic does not require the use of transitional tables of hardness units obtained by different methods. Volumetric hardness, unlike other methods, really corresponds to the physical content of the hardness characteristic, as the ability of a material to resist the incorporation of another, harder material into it. It is characterized by the displaced specific volume. Mathematically, it is characterized by the effort required to displace one cubic millimeter of a substance. The purpose of this work was a visual demonstration of the possibility of applying the concept of volume hardness as a characteristic that corresponds to the physical meaning of this property of materials. Show that the proposed technique makes it possible to compare the hardness of materials with a wide range of properties. To ensure a wide range of research, materials with different internal structures were selected, depending on the chemical composition of the alloys, as well as the mode of chemical and thermal treatment. Comparisons of the results obtained by different methods of hardness research were made and it was shown that the bulk hardness can clearly characterize and generalize these results. Keywords: volumetric hardness, mechanical properties, complex alloying, steel, heat treatment.
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