评论文章

Q2 Arts and Humanities Journal of New Zealand and Pacific Studies Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI:10.1386/nzps_00009_4
S. S. More, M. Kasture, P. B. Vanave, A. Mukherjee
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Nutrients acquisition by plant roots follows two different paths [3] mass flow (depends largely on the rate of water flow through the roots) and diffusion (the main process of nutrient mobilization across a concentration gradient). Diffusion depends on the absorption capability of the roots, creating a sink to which nutrient can get pooled [4] and even this process is heavily reliant upon the soil characteristics in addition to plant metabolism [5]. A sub-continental country like India is bestowed with a diverse array of soil types which is largely responsible for the plethora of agricultural produce obtained. At the same time phosphorus availability is limited (around 50%) in majority of the arable soil types found in India due to the P-fixation (as well as buffering) capacity of the various soils, none more so than in acidic soil, (mostly resultant of leaching of base forming cations) which incidentally dominates the global cultivable lands and is a matter of great concern due to its adverse effect on crop productivity [6]. Red (or omnibus group) and lateritic soils occupy an area of about 3.5 lakh sq. Km and 2.48 lakh sq. Km (1 lakh = 100,000) respectively, accounting for more than 26 % of the total arable land area (1.597 million sq. Km) of India. Productivity of these soils is usually low because of their clastic crystalline origin, sandy texture, moderate to high porosity, low organic matter content, low cation exchange capacity (CEC), low water retention and acidic products in reaction as well as inadequacy of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), along with the presence of some micronutrients in toxic concentrations [7]. Abstract Phosphorus (P) is almost never found in elemental state owing to its highly reactive nature. It is available at a concentration of about 1000 mg per Kilogram in the Earth’s crust. Various soil types such as acidic, lateritic, calcareous etc are characteristically low in bioavailable phosphorus due to their veritable P-fixation rates. At the same time it also is quintessential to living organisms, being a structural component of nucleic acids and ATP as well as aiding in many physiological and biochemical processes. Hence, an adequate supply of phosphorus in the soil and water is required to sustain life on earth. Phosphorus factions play major roles in the solubility and transformation of phosphorus in various soils, thus governing the management of phosphorus fertilization based on soil types. Various microbial symbioses such as with bacteria, fungi etc are responsible for the solubility of phosphorus from Apatite and related minerals but are solely not adequate in many cases to overcome the dearth in supply of bioavailable phosphorus. As we are aware that eutrophication in water bodies has transcended as a major environmental issue in dire need of resolution in recent decades, the prudent usage of phosphorus in agriculture was never more a mandate than now. In this context the data on the availability of phosphorus in various Indian soils is very important given the agriculture buttressed economy of the country and may serve as future reference while formulating policies for remedying ecological ailments.","PeriodicalId":37507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand and Pacific Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Review Article\",\"authors\":\"S. S. More, M. Kasture, P. B. Vanave, A. Mukherjee\",\"doi\":\"10.1386/nzps_00009_4\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Phosphorus (P) is generally incorporated by plants through the root system from soil solution as orthophosphates, chiefly H2PO4 and HPO4 2, the latter to a somewhat lesser degree. 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A sub-continental country like India is bestowed with a diverse array of soil types which is largely responsible for the plethora of agricultural produce obtained. At the same time phosphorus availability is limited (around 50%) in majority of the arable soil types found in India due to the P-fixation (as well as buffering) capacity of the various soils, none more so than in acidic soil, (mostly resultant of leaching of base forming cations) which incidentally dominates the global cultivable lands and is a matter of great concern due to its adverse effect on crop productivity [6]. Red (or omnibus group) and lateritic soils occupy an area of about 3.5 lakh sq. Km and 2.48 lakh sq. Km (1 lakh = 100,000) respectively, accounting for more than 26 % of the total arable land area (1.597 million sq. Km) of India. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

磷(P)通常通过根系从土壤溶液中以正磷酸盐的形式被植物吸收,主要是H2PO4和HPO4 2,后者的程度略低。由于这取决于几个先天因素,初次施用磷肥后的精确恢复可能会受到影响。如[1]所述,陆地植物根际土壤磷含量可降至的最低磷浓度约为1μM。正如[2]所观察到的那样,由于根际的根只利用了约25%的表层土,因此需要经常通过施肥来补充那里的磷含量,以满足在这种土壤中种植的作物的营养需求。植物根系获取养分遵循两条不同的路径[3]质量流(主要取决于通过根系的水流速度)和扩散(养分在浓度梯度上调动的主要过程)。扩散取决于根系的吸收能力,形成一个养分可以汇集的库[4],即使这个过程也严重依赖于土壤特性以及植物代谢[5]。像印度这样的次大陆国家拥有各种各样的土壤类型,这在很大程度上是获得过多农产品的原因。同时,由于各种土壤的磷固定(以及缓冲)能力,在印度发现的大多数可耕地类型中,磷的有效性都是有限的(约50%),尤其是在酸性土壤中,(主要是形成碱的阳离子浸出的结果),它偶然占据了全球可耕地的主导地位,由于其对作物生产力的不利影响而备受关注[6]。红色(或综合群)和红土分别占据约350万平方公里和248万平方公里(10万=10万)的面积,占印度总耕地面积(159.7万平方公里)的26%以上。这些土壤的生产力通常较低,因为它们来源于碎屑结晶、沙质质地、中等至高孔隙度、低有机质含量、低阳离子交换能力(CEC)、低保水性和反应中的酸性产物,以及氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)的不足,以及一些有毒浓度的微量营养素的存在[7]。摘要磷(P)由于其高度反应性,几乎从未以元素状态存在。它在地壳中的浓度约为每公斤1000毫克。各种土壤类型,如酸性、红土、钙质等,由于其真正的磷固定率,其生物可利用磷含量低。同时,它也是生物体的精华,是核酸和ATP的结构成分,有助于许多生理和生化过程。因此,土壤和水中需要充足的磷来维持地球上的生命。磷派系在磷在各种土壤中的溶解和转化中起着重要作用,从而控制了基于土壤类型的磷施肥管理。各种微生物共生体,如细菌、真菌等,负责磷灰石和相关矿物中磷的溶解,但在许多情况下,它们不足以克服生物可利用磷供应不足的问题。正如我们所知,近几十年来,水体富营养化已经成为一个迫切需要解决的主要环境问题,在农业中谨慎使用磷从未像现在这样成为一项任务。在这种情况下,考虑到该国以农业为支撑的经济,关于印度各种土壤中磷的可用性的数据非常重要,可以作为未来制定补救生态疾病政策的参考。
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Review Article
Phosphorus (P) is generally incorporated by plants through the root system from soil solution as orthophosphates, chiefly H2PO4 and HPO4 2, the latter to a somewhat lesser degree. As this depends on several innate factors, the precise recovery following an initial application of P-fertilizer can get affected. As stated by [1], the lowest concentration of P which the soil P content can get reduced to at the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants is around 1 μM. Since roots in the rhizosphere only exploit about 25 % of the topsoil, the P-contents there needs to be replenished often through fertilization to meet the nutritional demands of crops cultivated in such soils, as was observed by [2]. Nutrients acquisition by plant roots follows two different paths [3] mass flow (depends largely on the rate of water flow through the roots) and diffusion (the main process of nutrient mobilization across a concentration gradient). Diffusion depends on the absorption capability of the roots, creating a sink to which nutrient can get pooled [4] and even this process is heavily reliant upon the soil characteristics in addition to plant metabolism [5]. A sub-continental country like India is bestowed with a diverse array of soil types which is largely responsible for the plethora of agricultural produce obtained. At the same time phosphorus availability is limited (around 50%) in majority of the arable soil types found in India due to the P-fixation (as well as buffering) capacity of the various soils, none more so than in acidic soil, (mostly resultant of leaching of base forming cations) which incidentally dominates the global cultivable lands and is a matter of great concern due to its adverse effect on crop productivity [6]. Red (or omnibus group) and lateritic soils occupy an area of about 3.5 lakh sq. Km and 2.48 lakh sq. Km (1 lakh = 100,000) respectively, accounting for more than 26 % of the total arable land area (1.597 million sq. Km) of India. Productivity of these soils is usually low because of their clastic crystalline origin, sandy texture, moderate to high porosity, low organic matter content, low cation exchange capacity (CEC), low water retention and acidic products in reaction as well as inadequacy of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), along with the presence of some micronutrients in toxic concentrations [7]. Abstract Phosphorus (P) is almost never found in elemental state owing to its highly reactive nature. It is available at a concentration of about 1000 mg per Kilogram in the Earth’s crust. Various soil types such as acidic, lateritic, calcareous etc are characteristically low in bioavailable phosphorus due to their veritable P-fixation rates. At the same time it also is quintessential to living organisms, being a structural component of nucleic acids and ATP as well as aiding in many physiological and biochemical processes. Hence, an adequate supply of phosphorus in the soil and water is required to sustain life on earth. Phosphorus factions play major roles in the solubility and transformation of phosphorus in various soils, thus governing the management of phosphorus fertilization based on soil types. Various microbial symbioses such as with bacteria, fungi etc are responsible for the solubility of phosphorus from Apatite and related minerals but are solely not adequate in many cases to overcome the dearth in supply of bioavailable phosphorus. As we are aware that eutrophication in water bodies has transcended as a major environmental issue in dire need of resolution in recent decades, the prudent usage of phosphorus in agriculture was never more a mandate than now. In this context the data on the availability of phosphorus in various Indian soils is very important given the agriculture buttressed economy of the country and may serve as future reference while formulating policies for remedying ecological ailments.
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来源期刊
Journal of New Zealand and Pacific Studies
Journal of New Zealand and Pacific Studies Arts and Humanities-Literature and Literary Theory
CiteScore
0.30
自引率
0.00%
发文量
20
期刊介绍: The Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies covers disciplines including the humanities and social sciences, and subjects such as cultural studies, history, literature, film, anthropology, politics and sociology. Each issue of this publication aims to establish a balance between papers on New Zealand and papers on the South Pacific, with a reports and book reviews section included. The journal is sponsored by the New Zealand Studies Association and hosted by the University of Vienna. It has replaced the key publication NZSA Bulletin of New Zealand Studies.
期刊最新文献
In conversation with Stallone Vaiaoga-Ioasa Mothers’ Darlings of The South Pacific: The Children of Indigenous Women and U.S. Servicemen, World War II, Judith A. Bennett and Angela Wanhalla (eds) (2016) Beyond Hawaii: Native Labor in the Pacific World, Gregory Rosenthal (2018) The New Zealand Wars: Ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa, Vincent O’Malley (2019) Special Issue: New Scholarship in New Zealand and Pacific Studies Part 2
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