免疫检查点抑制剂治疗对癌症的影响

Onco Pub Date : 2021-03-04 DOI:10.3390/ONCO1010002
Anabel Silva, P. Abreu-Mendes, D. Martins, F. Mendes
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引用次数: 3

摘要

癌症是世界上最常见的癌症之一。从小就观察到,慢性炎症与有利于肿瘤发展的条件以及肿瘤微环境有关。此外,调节肿瘤进展也会干扰治疗的反应。肿瘤和免疫系统之间的相互作用导致了新的免疫疗法——免疫检查点抑制剂的发展。与标准化疗相比,免疫治疗显示出更好的安全性、生存率和耐受性。这种疗法为不符合顺铂条件的患者和铂类药物治疗后疾病进展晚期的患者提供了一种有效的替代方案。第一个被批准用于BC的免疫疗法是膀胱内滴注Calmette–Guérin芽孢杆菌,用于早期肿瘤。后来,免疫疗法专注于免疫检查点抑制剂,即抗程序性细胞死亡蛋白1(PD1)、抗程序性死亡蛋白配体1(PD-L1)和与细胞毒性T细胞相关的抗抗原4(CTLA-4)。目前,美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准了五种用于晚期BC的免疫检查点抑制剂:阿替佐利珠单抗、杜伐单抗、阿韦鲁单抗、Pembrolizumab和Nivolumab。这篇综述阐述了炎症、肿瘤微环境和癌症之间的相关性;关于免疫检查点抑制剂的各种研究,无论是单药治疗还是联合治疗,也被提及。
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The Impact of Immune Checkpoint-Inhibitors Therapy in Urinary Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. From an early age, it was observed that chronic inflammation is associated with conditions favorable to the development of tumors, as well as the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, regulating tumor progression also interferes with the therapy’s response. The interaction between the tumor and the immune system led to the development of new immune therapies, the immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy has shown a better safety profile, survival, and tolerance compared to standard chemotherapy. This therapy offers an effective alternative to patients who are ineligible for cisplatin and patients with advanced disease progression after platinum-based therapy. The first immunotherapy approved for BC was intravesical instillation with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, for tumors at early stages. Later, immunotherapy focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors, namely, anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), anti-programmed cell death protein ligand 1(PD-L1), and anti-antigen 4 associated with cytotoxic T cells (CTLA-4). Currently, five immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced BC are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab, Pembrolizumab, and Nivolumab. This review addresses the correlation between inflammation, tumor microenvironment, and cancer; various studies regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors, either in monotherapy or in combination therapy, are also addressed.
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