Time series analysis applications for karst aquifer characterisation in Pindul Cave karst system, Indonesia

The karst hydrologic system in Pindul Cave can be categorised as ‘binary’ because it is recharged by the developed cave systems around it and by the Kedungbuntung ponor, which originates from an undeveloped karst system. The main objective of this study is to determine whether there are any differences in the aquifer characteristics that recharge to the Kedungbuntung ponor and the Pindul Cave outlet, using a time-series analysis approach. This analysis was conducted using univariate (auto-correlation) and bivariate (cross-correlation) statistical methods, which analyse data based on the domains of time (time-based analysis) and frequency (frequency-based analysis). Furthermore, the Master Recession Curve (MRC) calculation was conducted to confirm the time-series analysis result. Water level and rainfall data in both locations were recorded every 15 minutes over a six-month period (January–June 2017; N = 17,376). According to the time-series analysis, both locations were recharged by conduit, fissure and diffuse flow components; this observation was also confirmed by the MRC graphs which bore three components of recession. Comparison between the two locations showed that the Pindul outlet releases storage aquifers faster than Kedungbuntung. This condition may be caused by the Pindul Cave outlet having a complex karst system supplemented by a developing system, in combination with recharge from the Kedungbuntung ponor. Meanwhile, the dischargedischarge cross-correlation between the two locations was less able to describe the complexity of the karst aquifers, as can be demonstrated by the tracing test method. In addition, the MRC indicated that the aquifers in the Pindul Cave karst system (which have developed) may still have a large storage capacity. To obtain more comprehensive information, especially with regard to the character of the developed karst system around the Pindul karst outlet, a follow-up study must be carried out over a longer period using several additional methods to support the results of this time series analysis study. Key words: Master Recession Curve, time series analysis, karst aquifer characteristics, Pindul Cave karst system. Aplikacija analiz casovnih vrst za karakterizacijo kraskega vodonosnika z jamskim sistemom Pindul, Indonezija Kraski hidroloski sistem jame Pindul lahko oznacimo kot binarni, saj ga napajajo okoliski razviti jamski sistemi in ponor Kedungbuntung, ki se steka z nerazvitega kraskega sistema. Glavni cilj te studije je z uporabo analiz casovnih vrst ugotoviti, ali obstajajo kakrsne koli razlike v znacilnostih vodonosnika, ki napaja ponor Kedungbuntung, in tistim, ki napaja jamo Pindul. Ta analiza je bila izvedena z uporabo univariatnih (avtokorelacijskih) in bivariatnih (navzkrižno korelacijskih) statisticnih metod, ki analizirajo podatke na podlagi casovnih in frekvencnih vrst. Za potrditev rezultatov analiz casovnih vrst smo izvedli tudi izracun glavnih recesijskih krivulj (GRK). Vsakih 15 minut v sestmesecnem obdobju (januar–junij 2017; N = 17.376) so bili na obeh lokacijah zabeleženi podatki o vodostajih in padavinah. Glede na analizo casovnih vrst obe lokaciji napajajo komponente kanalskega, razpoklinskega in difuznega toka; to opažanje so potrdili tudi grafi GRK, ki kažejo na tri recesijske komponente. Primerjava med obema lokacijama je pokazala, da jama Pindul hitreje sprosti uskladisceno vodo kot Kedungbuntung, kar je posledica kompleksnega kraskega sistema v kombinaciji z napajanjem iz ponora Kedungbuntung. Hkrati pa medsebojna korelacija praznjenja za obe obmocji manj ucinkovito opise zapletenost kraskih vodonosnikov, kar se lahko dokaže s sledilnim poskusom. Poleg tega je MRC pokazal, da ima vodonosnik kraskega sistema jame Pindul se vedno veliko zmogljivost skladiscenja. Za pridobitev celovitejsih informacij, zlasti glede znacilnosti razvitega kraskega sistema okrog jame Pindul, bi bilo v nadaljevanju treba izvesti dolgotrajnejso studijo, v kateri bi z uporabo vec dodatnih metod ovrednotili rezultate te studije z analizo casovnih vrst. Kljucne besede: glavna recesijska krivulja, analiza casovnih vrst, znacilnosti kraskega vodonosnika, jamski sistem Pindul.