古河流扇的解剖:古新世-始新世Wasatch-Colton体系(美国犹他州尤塔盆地西部)的沉积学和建筑趋势

IF 2 4区 地球科学 Q1 GEOLOGY Journal of Sedimentary Research Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI:10.2110/jsr.2022.095
Davide Carraro, D. Ventra, A. Moscariello
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引用次数: 1

摘要

河流地貌学和沉积学的最新发展表明,河流扇(也称为分配河流系统)可能是大陆盆地中大量碎屑序列堆积的原因。基于沉积学和构造趋势,已经为这些河流系统制定了一个通用的沉积模型,然而,它们在地层记录中的识别往往依赖于部分保存的不连续序列。本研究提供了美国犹他州中部尤因塔盆地西南部Wasatch和Colton地层的古第三纪冲积层的沉积学和建筑特征,该冲积层遵循一条约120-km长的出露带,该出露带记录了从冲积楔向北部和西北部推进的沉积,在古代尤因塔湖出现之前。根据Wasatch–Colton冲积系统近端至远端的野外观测数据集(十三个记录的地层剖面,总长度约2400 m)和虚拟露头模型,呈现了岩相组合的横向和垂直分布。定义了四个扇区(近端、中间、远端和末端),以标记冲积地层的纵向非均质性。值得注意的趋势包括冲积地层柱总厚度的下游减少,相对体积、建筑复杂性的减少,以及远离顶点的河道体的融合,河道砂岩的下游变细趋势较弱,以及下游系统中保留的河上和泛滥平原沉积物的增加,伴随着保留的湖泊和沼泽相组合的体积和相复杂性的增加。注意到河道结构从近端到远端的变化,近端部分以垂直和横向合并的片状河道填充物为特征,向中部过渡到较小程度的合并,而远端和末端部分以洪泛平原细粒为主,带状河道砂岩体。在整个油田区域,可以观察到地层序列的整体时间发展,尽管是局部的,但河道规模的侵蚀和潜在的沉积间断打断了地层。Wasatch–Colton系统(WCS)中描述了两个主要的系统规模趋势。一阶长期进积趋势,尤其是在近端和中段明显,包括WCS大部分地层中的大规模垂直岩相和构造模式。相比之下,地层序列的最上部具有反向退积趋势,可能与尤因塔湖南缘的早期海侵有关,标志着上覆绿河组的基底。尽管由不同的垂直相序列、近端到远端过程和沿WCS纵向断面记录的地层模式表示,但反映了整个地层中基本相同的垂直趋势,这被解释为河流扇进积过程中不同沉积域的Waltherian叠加。对砂岩岩石学和锆石地质年代的分析表明,河流系统有一个统一的来源,也支持将其解释为一个分布的而非分布的河流系统。本研究通过对河流古扇的区域尺度地层分析,增强了我们对广泛河流扇序列的当前沉积模式的理解,该分析基于相分布和河流构造的垂直和向下系统模式的综合表征,提供了从岩石记录中识别河流扇序列的有用标准的关键见解。
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Anatomy of a fluvial paleo-fan: sedimentological and architectural trends of the Paleocene–Eocene Wasatch–Colton System (western Uinta Basin, Utah, U.S.A.)
Recent developments in fluvial geomorphology and sedimentology suggest that fluvial fans (also known as distributive fluvial systems) could be responsible for the accumulation of great volumes of clastic successions in continental basins. A general depositional model based on sedimentological and architectural trends has been formulated for these fluvial systems, however, their recognition in the stratigraphic record often relies on partially preserved, discontinuous successions. This study provides a sedimentological and architectural characterization of Paleogene alluvial strata of the Wasatch and Colton formations in the southwestern Uinta Basin, central Utah (U.S.A.), following an ∼ 120-km-long outcrop belt which records deposition from an alluvial wedge that prograded to the north and northwest, from the basin margin to distal lake-dominated environments, preceding the onset of ancient Lake Uinta. Lateral and vertical distribution of facies associations are presented from a dataset of field observations (thirteen logged stratigraphic sections, for a total of ∼ 2400 m) and virtual outcrop models along the proximal-to-distal extent of the Wasatch–Colton alluvial system. Four sectors are defined (proximal, medial, distal, and terminal) to mark the longitudinal heterogeneity of alluvial stratigraphy. Noteworthy trends comprise a downstream decrease in the overall thickness of the alluvial stratigraphic column, a reduction in the relative volume, architectural complexity, and amalgamation of fluvial-channel bodies away from the apex, a weak downstream-fining trend in channel sandstones, and a down-system increase in preserved overbank and floodplain deposits accompanied by increasing volume and facies complexity of preserved lacustrine and palustrine facies associations. A proximal-to-distal change in fluvial-channel architecture is noted, with proximal sections characterized by vertically and laterally amalgamated sheet-like channel fills, transitioning to a lesser degree of amalgamation towards the medial sector, whereas distal and terminal sections are dominated by floodplain fines enveloping a subordinate volume of isolated, ribbon-shaped channel-sandstone bodies. The temporal development of the stratigraphic succession is observed in its entirety throughout the field area and, albeit localized, channel-scale erosion and potential depositional hiatuses punctuate the stratigraphy. Two major system-scale trends have been described in the Wasatch–Colton System (WCS). A first-order, long-term progradational trend, especially evident in proximal and medial sections, encompasses the large-scale vertical patterns in facies and architecture vertically through most of the stratigraphy of the WCS. In contrast, the uppermost part of the stratigraphic succession is characterized by a reverse, retrogradational trend, possibly associated with the early transgression of Lake Uinta's southern margin, marking the base of the overlying Green River Formation. Albeit expressed by different vertical succession of facies, proximal-to-distal processes, and stratal patterns documented along a longitudinal transect of the WCS mirror substantially identical vertical trends through the stratigraphy, which are interpreted as Waltherian superposition of distinct depositional domains during fluvial-fan progradation. Analyses of sandstone petrography and zircon geochronology suggest a unified source for the fluvial system, also supporting an interpretation as a distributive, rather than a tributive, fluvial system. This study enhances our understanding of the current depositional model for extensive fluvial-fan successions via a regional-scale stratigraphic analysis of a fluvial paleo-fan based on integrated characterization of both vertical and down-system patterns in facies distribution and fluvial architecture, providing key insights on useful criteria for recognizing fluvial-fan successions from the rock record.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.80
自引率
5.00%
发文量
50
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The journal is broad and international in scope and welcomes contributions that further the fundamental understanding of sedimentary processes, the origin of sedimentary deposits, the workings of sedimentary systems, and the records of earth history contained within sedimentary rocks.
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