Emerging Paradigm-Shifting in Cancer Immunotherapeutic Towards Personalized Cancer Medicine and Potential Challenges

Recently invented several cancer immunotherapies that have succeeded with a diversity of new agents for clinical use. As such, notable progress immensely facilitated the designing of numerous effective immunotherapeutic regimens. Therapeutic vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade have lately demonstrated an enormous therapeutic efficacy thus generated great excitement for the development of new avenues on cancer treatments. Immunotherapies are highly potential to generate tumor-specific responses, as well as maintaining long-lasting remissions, unraveling vital approaches for future discoveries of cancer medicine. Next-generation cancer immunotherapies engaged with native mono-bi-specific antibodies are intended to target at innate immune checkpoints, conditional designing activated immune stimulator, redirecting Innate Cell Engagers (ICEs). Similarly, Natural killer cells are engineered for multi-specific immune targeting utilizing adaptable affinities and avidities, redirecting innate immune cells (dendritic, macrophages & NK cells). Oncolytic adenovirus-mediated targeting to alter cold tumors into hot including challenging tumor heterogeneity via interfering tumor sub-clonality are attractive projections to develop several novels immune-oncologic therapeutics towards personalized cancer medicine.