Butterfly and food plant composition of a residential garden in Bago City, Negros Occidental, Philippines with four new butterfly locality records

Residential gardens are some of the most common human-managed habitats in highly urbanized areas but their roles on the ecology of various taxa such as butterflies are still understudied. A 7-year observation was conducted to determine the species composition of butterflies and food plants in an urban residential garden in Bago City, Negros Island. Using visual encounters and photo-documentation, the butterfly inventory was done from October 2013 to December 2020 while the food plant inventory covered only two years (2018–2020). The results revealed a total of 88 butterfly species belonging to five families and 60 genera, of which 20 species were classified as residents, 26 seasonal, and 42 vagrants. Despite the very low endemism (8%), it is noteworthy that four species are new island records: Parnara bada, Potanthus pava, Suastus gremius, and Tagiades trebellius martinus. For the food plants, 80 species from 33 families and 73 genera were identified, of which 37 species are recognized as larval host plants, 49 as nectar plants, and six as both larval host and nectar plant sources. Interestingly, a residential garden with such a small size could harbor 27% of Negros island’s and almost 10% of the country’s butterfly species. Species richness for both butterflies and food plants are high, which supports the idea that gardens could be an alternative habitat for wildlife in highly urbanized areas. Future studies should consider measuring the diversity for both taxa as well as environmental factors affecting butterfly and plant communities in a residential garden.