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引用次数: 0
摘要
在20世纪70年代的头几年,印度国家矛盾地变得更加相互交织,但也更加分裂。来自俄克拉荷马州土著社区的三个案例研究说明了这种转变。从20世纪60年代中期开始,土著媒体的蓬勃发展使土著人民能够跨越曾经令人望而却步的距离,以更快的速度进行交流。1973年初,在俄克拉何马州西部,南夏安族的父母们依靠纳瓦霍人的思想,建立了他们自己的土著学校。由于以前被迁移的人之间的这些交流,新的土著社区沿着意识形态的路线出现,而不是那些部落公民或种族身份。几个月前,全国印第安青年理事会的俄克拉荷马州分会——美国众多意识形态团体中的一个——成功地引起了人们的注意,并改变了一项影响公立学校土著学生的关键州政策。就在土著活动家们以新的活力合作的时候,在现有的土著社区中出现了相应的分歧;当地人开始讨论新社区传播的信息的含义。美国印第安人运动(American Indian Movement)试图在俄克拉何马州的波尼市(Pawnee)召开1973年全国代表大会,结果发现当地的原住民并不像运动领袖预期的那样支持这次集会。总之,这三个案例研究呈现了一个多样化的土著世界,它促进了通过土著媒体的合作,但也造成了新兴的意识形态分裂。
“You’re in apple land but you are a lemon:” Connection, Collaboration, and Division in Early ‘70s Indian Country
In the first years of the 1970s, Indian Country became paradoxically more interwoven and yet also more divided. Three case studies from Oklahoma’s Indigenous communities illustrate this transformation. Beginning in the mid-1960s, a boom in Indigenous media allowed Indigenous people to communicate far more quickly over once prohibitive distances. In western Oklahoma, Southern Cheyenne parents relied upon Navajo ideas to form their own indigenous controlled school in early 1973. As a result of these exchanges between previously removed people, new indigenous communities emerged along ideological lines rather than those of tribal citizenship or ethnic identity. A few months earlier, the National Indian Youth Council’s Oklahoma chapters, one such evolving ideological community out of many in the United States, successfully brought attention to and changed a key state policy affecting indigenous students in public schools. Even as Indigenous activists collaborated with new vigor, corresponding divisions emerged in existing Indigenous communities; Native people began to debate the meaning of the messages new communities popularized. The American Indian Movement attempted to hold its 1973 national convention at Pawnee, Oklahoma, only to find that Indigenous people in the region did not support the gathering as the movement’s leaders anticipated. Together, these three case studies present a portrait of a diverse, indigenous world that facilitated collaboration through Native media yet wrought with emerging ideological schisms.