Robust scheduling of power system considering social costs and environmental concerns

One of the most significant problems of the modern electricity markets is to deal with renewable energy resources (RERs) scheduling. The RER generations face severe stochastic behaviour, such that short-term scheduling of them is also complicated. To overcome this drawback, using hydro pumped storage units (HPSUs) as a fast response and eco-friendly technology can help to smooth fluctuations of these types of generations and consequently to appropriately dispatch all generations in the energy and reserve market. This article suggests a stochastic optimisation model to optimally operate thermal power plants as well as HPSUs in the day ahead energy and reserve market. Optimisation aims to minimise operation costs, emissions, and social costs subject to several technical constraints. There is an intrinsic deviation between predicted and actual uncertainty variables in the power system. This article presents a stochastic optimal operation model based on robust optimisation. To improve the flexibility of the proposed market, the curtailed demand as a demand response programme (DRP) is taken into consideration. The CPLEX solver of the GAMS software is used to solve the proposed model which has been formulated as a robust mixed integer linear problem (RMILP). The effectiveness of the proposed model is evaluated by applying the offered model to the 9-bus test power system.