历史上的赞助人力量和连续性:贫困南方农业变革史综述

G. Leksana
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引用次数: 1

摘要

摘要:将村庄视为实体、传统、劳动力和粮食作物的蓄水池的观点受到了强烈批评。相反,村庄充满了社会政治紧张、阶级差异,成为历史上也发生过大规模冲突的地区。本文提出了第二个论点,试图通过历史来追溯农业转型:从殖民时期、独立到新秩序。本文通过在东爪哇省南马朗的案例研究,旨在表明村庄的动态是由赞助关系控制的,在这种关系中,农业政策只使村庄中的某些群体受益。历史分析还表明,尽管国家发生了变化,但赞助关系是如何持续的。政权更迭中发生的暴力事件并不一定会改变村庄的庇护关系,而是通过组建新的联盟来加强这种关系。现在要发展的土地政策应该注意这种权力关系。土地研究专家和政策制定者应该不断提出“谁得到什么”的问题。关键词:庇护关系、庇护主义、阶级不平等、1965年暴力、殖民种植园、贫穷的东爪哇起义:一种将村庄视为坚实的传统实体、劳动力和粮食储备库的观点受到了很多批评。相反,这个村庄充满了社会政治紧张局势、教室和历史上也发生过重大冲突的地区。本文发展了第二种观点,并试图追求农业不时发生的变化:殖民时期、自由和新秩序。本文通过对南方东卫的个案研究,表明村庄的动态是由赞助关系主导的,因此农业政策只对村庄中的某些群体有利。历史分析还表明,尽管国家(在这种情况下是政府系统)发生了变化,但赞助关系是如何继续的。政权更迭中的暴力并没有改变村级的庇护关系,但它只是通过建立新的联盟来加强这种关系。目前将采取的农业政策倾向于观察权力关系,因此农业研究律师和决策者必须经常提出“谁得到了什么”的问题。关键词:庇护关系、庇护主义、阶级过度拥挤、1965年暴力、殖民地农业、贫穷的东卫队
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Ketimpangan dan Kontinuitas Patronase dalam Lintasan Sejarah: Menelusuri Sejarah Perubahan Agraria di Malang Selatan
Abstract: Opinions that perceive villages (desa) as solid entity, traditional, reservoir of labor and foodcrops, have been intensively criticized. On the contrary, villages are filled with social-political tension, class difference, and became areas where large conflicts in history also took place. This article develops the second argument, which tries to trace agrarian transformation through history: from the colonial period, independence and the New Order. By presenting a case study in South Malang, East Java, this article aim to show that village dynamics are controlled by patronage relation, where agrarian policies only benefited certain groups in the village. Historical analysis also shows how patronage relation persisted, although the state had changed. Violence that occurred in regime change did not necessarily transform the patronage relation in the village, instead strengthened it through the formation of new alliances. Agrarian policies that are going to be developed in the present should notice this power relation. The question of ‘who gets what’ should be continuously raised by agrarian studies experts and policy makers.Keywords: patronage relation, clientelism, class inequality, 1965 violence, colonial plantation, Malang-East JavaIntisari: Pandangan yang melihat desa sebagai entitas solid, tradisional, reservoir tenaga kerja dan pangan, telah banyak dikritik. Sebaliknya, desa dipenuhi dengan ketegangan sosial-politik, perbedaan kelas dan area dimana konflik-konflik besar dalam sejarah juga terjadi. Artikel ini mengembangkan pandangan kedua, dan berusaha menelusuri perubahan agraria dari masa ke masa: periode kolonial, kemerdekaan dan Orde Baru. Dengan mengambil studi kasus di Malang Selatan, Jawa Timur, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa dinamika desa dikuasai oleh relasi patronase, sehingga kebijakan-kebijakan agraria hanya menguntungkan kelompok tertentu di desa. Analisa historis juga memperlihatkan bagaimana relasi patronase terus bertahan, meskipun negara (dalam hal ini sistem pemerintahan) telah berubah. Kekerasan yang terjadi dalam perubahan-perubahan rezim tidak mengubah relasi patron di tingkat desa, namun justru memperkuatnya dengan memunculkan aliansi-aliansi baru. Kebijakan-kebijakan agraria yang akan diambil pada masa kini seyogyanya memperhatikan relasi kuasa tersebut, sehingga pertanyaan ‘siapa mendapat apa’ harus kerap dikedepankan oleh para pegiat studi agraria dan para pengambil kebijakan.Kata kunci: relasi patronase, klientelisme, ketimpangan kelas, kekerasan 1965, perkebunan kolonial, Malang-Jawa Timur
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