First record of the rare freshwater alga Tetrasporopsis fuscescens (Chrysomerophyceae, Ochrophyta) in North America

This study presents the first record of the ochrophyte alga Tetrasporopsis fuscescens in North America, confirmed with light and transmission electron microscopic photomicrographs, cytochemical and molecular phylogenetic analyses. T. fuscescens was recorded rarely, being found in the benthos of only twelve stream sites: nine locations in Southern California and three in Northern California. More than half of the streams were non-perennial, characterized by long dry periods. Tetrasporopsis cells were gold-colored, spherical, with a distinct wall, assembled in the periphery of macroscopical gelatinous colonies, which start as tubular or sac-like structures, but later become membranous. The cells have 1-2 parietal chloroplasts, without a stigma or pyrenoid, and reproduction occurs by longitudinal cell division. Other features of the genus are as follows: cells in the colonies also divide by what appears to be smaller autospores with remnant cell walls remaining, the colonial mucilage consists of cylindrical dichotomously branched tubes radiating from the center of the colony to which attach the peripheral cells, and older cells become filled with large oil droplets. A combined gene tree of sequences from nuclear SSU rDNA, plastid rbcL, psaA, psbA and psbC showed that T. fuscescens specimens from Europe and U. S. A. formed a clade, which clustered with taxa classified in the class Chrysomerophyceae.