马六甲海峡的贸易环境，约1800-1830年

Q3 Arts and Humanities Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI:10.1353/ras.2023.a900788

P. Kratoska

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摘要

编者按:本期《JMBRAS》包括F. Andrew Smith撰写的一篇关于19世纪早期槟城“乡村”商人James Carnegie生平的文章。如以下文件所示，与东印度公司一起经营的私人贸易商，即所谓的国家或自由贸易商，除了面临市场正常的变幻莫测之外，还面临许多障碍。除了应对荷兰和英国行政当局为争夺该地区的统治地位而施加的不断变化的要求外，船只还要应对对船只及其船员的袭击，在马六甲海峡及其周围航行，以及多种货币。保罗Kratoska

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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The Trading Environment in the Melaka Straits, c. 1800–1830

Editor’s Note: The current issue of JMBRAS includes an article by F. Andrew Smith on the life of James Carnegie, a ‘country’ trader in Penang in the early 1800s. As the following documents indicate, private traders operating alongside the East India Company, known as country or free traders, faced many obstacles in addition to the normal vagaries of the market. Besides dealing with changing requirements imposed by Dutch and British administrators competing for dominance in the region, ships dealt with attacks on ships and their crews, navigation in and around the Straits of Melaka, and multiple currencies. Paul Kratoska

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