Electronic modulation of two-dimensional bismuth-based nanosheets for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to formate: A review

Electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (eCO₂RR) has significant relevance to settle the global energy crisis and abnormal climate problem via mitigating the excess emission of waste CO₂ and producing high-value-added chemicals. Currently, eCO₂RR to formic acid or formate is one of the most technologically and economically viable approaches to realize high-efficiency CO₂ utilization, and the development of efficient electrocatalysts is very urgent to achieve efficient and stable catalytic performance. In this review, the recent advances for two-dimensional bismuth-based nanosheets (2D Bi-based NSs) electrocatalysts are concluded from both theoretical and experimental perspectives. Firstly, the preparation strategies of 2D Bi-based NSs in aspects to precisely control the thickness and uniformity are summarized. In addition, the electronic regulation strategies of 2D Bi-based NSs are highlighted to gain insight into the effects of the structure-property relationship on facilitating CO₂ activation, improving product selectivity, and optimizing carrier transport dynamics. Finally, the considerable challenges and opportunities of 2D Bi-based NSs are discussed to lighten new directions for future research of eCO₂RR.