Reproductive cycles of the oviparous sponges Cinachyrella apion (Spirophorida) and Tethya maza (Tethyida) in a tropical intertidal environment

Environmental factors are constantly changing in the intertidal region. Consequently, the various benthic organisms that densely colonize this ocean area had to adapt to these constant changes. Reproductive strategy might be considered one of these adaptations. However, knowledge about this aspect of the biology of marine invertebrates is still contentious for some groups, especially with regard to sponges (Porifera). Here, we investigated the effects of different environmental factors on the timing and effort of sexual and asexual reproduction in Cinachyrella apion and Tethya maza, two oviparous demosponges in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We analyzed the influence of humidity, atmospheric temperature, seawater temperature, photoperiod, rainfall, height of low tides, and chlorophyll-a concentration on the density and size of oocytes and buds of these sponges. Both species reproduced aperiodically. Cinachyrella apion had a maximum 2.8 ± 4.04 oocytes/mm² and 0.73 ± 0.15 buds/mm², whereas T. maza had a maximum 6.0 ± 12.21 oocytes/mm² and 0.31 ± 0.13 buds/mm². The density of oocytes in C. apion was positively influenced by chlorophyll-a concentration, whereas that of T. maza was negatively modulated by relative humidity. We did not observe any relationship between the environmental factors and bud density in C. apion, but bud density variation in T. maza was positively related to chlorophyll-a concentration and to seawater temperature. It seems that individuals of both species alternated between the production of sexual and asexual propagules, suggesting a trade-off between reproductive modes. Therefore, asexual and sexual reproduction seems to impact population growth and reproduction of both species, likely contributing to the recruitment of new sponges. In tropical intertidal regions, multiple environmental factors seem to contribute more to determining the quantity of sexual and asexual reproductive elements rather than the species' reproductive period.