神经胶质细胞数目传奇的衰亡史

A. Verkhratsky, A. Butt
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引用次数: 17

摘要

在神经科学领域,更具体地说是神经胶质细胞生物学领域,一个最基本、最有趣、最持久的问题是“人脑中有多少神经元细胞——神经元和神经胶质?”从一开始,这个问题背后的驱动力无疑是科学探索:为什么人类甚至比我们最近的亲戚更聪明;“神经元学说”认为我们必须比其他动物拥有更多的神经元。早期的组织学研究表明,神经元之间有一个巨大的空间,由“神经基特”填充,后来被确定为神经胶质;可以说,这就是人类大脑中神经胶质细胞数量远远超过神经元的神话的起源。后来的研究似乎证实,在人类的大脑皮层中,神经胶质细胞的数量超过了神经元,而且随着我们在进化树上的爬升,神经胶质细胞与神经元的比例(GNR)不可避免地会上升,这一神话最终成为意识形态的一部分。这可以被描述为“神经胶质学说”——智力的上升和神经胶质的上升是相辅相成的。在许多方面,当神经学说统治世界的时候,GNR成了研究神经胶质细胞的口头禅。然而,Suzana Herculano-Houzel在《神经胶质》的第一卷中回顾的工作,在证明人类皮层中的神经元和神经胶质在数量上几乎是相等的,并且在GNR中没有不可阻挡的系统发育上升。在这篇评论中,我们描绘了GNR神话的衰落。
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The History of the Decline and Fall of the Glial Numbers Legend
In the field of neuroscience and, more specifically glial cell biology, one of the most fundamentally intriguing and enduring questions has been “how many neuronal cells—neurones and glia—are there in the human brain?”. From the outset, the driving force behind this question was undoubtedly the scientific quest for knowledge of why humans are more intelligent than even our nearest relatives; the ‘neuronal doctrine’ dictated we must have more neurones than other animals. The early histological studies indicated a vast space between neurones that was filled by ‘nervenkitt’, later identified as neuroglia; arguably, this was the origin of the myth that glia massively outnumber neurones in the human brain. The myth eventually became embedded in ideology when later studies seemed to confirm that glia outnumber neurones in the human cortex—the seat of humanity—and that there was an inevitable rise in the glia-to-neurone ratio (GNR) as we climbed the evolutionary tree. This could be described as the ‘glial doctrine’—that the rise of intelligence and the rise of glia go hand-in-hand. In many ways, the GNR became a mantra for working on glial cells at a time when the neuronal doctrine ruled the world. However, the work of Suzana Herculano-Houzel which she reviews in this first volume of Neuroglia has led the way in demonstrating that neurones and glia are almost equal in number in the human cortex and there is no inexorable phylogenetic rise in the GNR. In this commentary we chart the fall and decline of the mythology of the GNR.
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