Stochastic peer to peer energy trading among charging station of electric vehicles based on blockchain mechanism

Fossil-fuelled vehicles are being replaced by electric vehicles (EVs) around the world due to environmental pollution and high fossil fuel price. On the one hand, the electrical grid is faced with some challenges when too many EVs are improperly integrated. On the other hand, using massive unexploited capacity of the battery storage in too many EVs makes these challenges to opportunities. This unused capacity can be employed for the grid ancillary services and trading peer-to-peer (P2P) energy. However, the preference of EV users is one of the most important factors, which has to be considered within the scheduling process of EVs. Therefore, this paper proposes a stochastic model for EVs bidirectional smart charging taking into account the preferences of EV users, P2P energy trading, and providing ancillary services of the grid based on blockchain mechanism. Considering the preferences of EV users makes the proposed scheduling model adaptive against changing operating conditions. The presented model is formulated as an optimisation problem aiming at optimal management of EV battery state of charge and energy placement of several services considering the provision of ancillary services and contributing to P2P transactions. To evaluate the proposed model, real-world data collected from Tehran city are used as input data of simulation. Numerical results demonstrate the efficacy of the presented model. Simulation results show that considering the preferences of EV users in the proposed model can enhance the total income provided by the EV energy-planning model such that it could balance the charging cost. Moreover, this advanced user-based smart charging model increases P2P energy transactions amongst EVs and raises the ancillary services facility to the grid.