Brotherhood of the Towers: On the Spatiality of the Mamluk Caste

in Mamluk Egypt and Syria (London: I. B. Tauris, 2010), 12-19; Rabbat, “Perception of Architecture in Mamluk Sources,” Mamluk Studies Review 6 (2002): 155-76. Ulrich Haarmann, “Rather the Injustice of the Turks than the Righteousness of the Arabs— Changing ‘Ulama’ Attitudes Towards Mamluk Rule in the Late Fifteenth-Century,” Studia Islamica 68 (1989): 61-79, notices a change in the late Mamluk period, which is nonetheless limited to few unusual individuals; Konrad Hirschler, “Studying Mamluk Historiography. From SourceCriticism to the Cultural Turn,” in Ubi sumus? Quo vademus? Mamluk Studies—State of the Art, ed. Stephan Conermann (Bonn: V&R Unipress, Bonn University Press, 2013), 159-86, suggests new ways of dealing with Mamluk sources. 4 On Tibaqs and qa‘as, as well as the division of mamluks according to function or ethnicity, see Rabbat, The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995), 11019, 138-42, 283-91. BROTHERHOOD OF THE TOWERS: ON THE SPATIALITY OF THE MAMLUK CASTE